BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

                                Sterilization, disinfection, and aseptic procedure 1) Identify all the commonly used physical methods for the sterilization process in healthcare facilities including microbiology laboratories, hospitals, and biotechnology industries a) Dry heat b) Ionizing gamma Radiation c) Moist heat (steam under pressure) d) Phenols e) Filtration 2) Autoclave is a widely used equipment for the sterilization process in microbiology laboratory, it is an example of moist heat method. Which of the following is the recommended heat temperature and time period for the moist heat sterilization process conducted in an autoclave? a) 180 degree C for 5 minutes b) 121 degree C for 15 minutes c) 126 degree C for 3 minutes      d) 160 degree C for 45 minutes 3) What is the correct statement for the term 'Bioburden' ? a) The number of microorganisms present on the surface b) The bacteria...

Key aspects of Bacterial pathogenesis/ General steps in bacterial pathogenesis Adherence and Colonization  Invasion Immune Evasion Toxin Production Nutrient Acquisition Host Cell Manipulation Inflammation and Tissue Damage                         Multiple Choice Questions on Bacterial Pathogenesis       Figure 1: Phagocyte activity and possible outcomes of phagocyte-bacterial interactions                                     (Source/Reference: Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic  Microbiology) 1) Which of the following microorganism is the major inhabitant of the human skin? a) Escherichia coli b) Staphylococcus epidermidis c) Staphylococcus aureus d) Streptococcus pyogenes 2) Select all the medically important bacteria which are frequently isolated pathogen  human infections? a) Enteric ba...

                           Multiple Choice Question with answers on Chlamydia spp 1) Which of the following Chlamydia spp are human pathogens?  Select from all the options given below: a) Chlamydia pecorum b) Chlamydia psittaci c) Chlamydia trachomatis d) Chlamydia pnuemoniae 2) Which of the following is a common specimen used for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted chlamydial infections that occur in both men and women? a) Oral swab b) Cerebrospinal fluid c) Urine d) Skin biopsy 3) What type of methods are important laboratory approaches for the diagnosis of genital Chlamydia spp  infections?  Select all the correct answers: a) Specimen culture in McCoy cell tissue culture b) Direct fluorescent antibody and Enzyme-linked immunoassay c) Serological tests d) Nucleic acid amplification test 4) Chlamydia is one of the major pathogens that cause sexually transmitted diseases. What i...

Multiple Choice Question on Cytokines, Interferon & Interleukins 1) Cytokines regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response by activating or downregulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.  The mode of action of the cytokine is the following, Except ? a) Autocrine b) Paracrine c) Endocrine d) Cell-autonomous 2) The characteristic properties of cytokines are : a) pleiotropy and redundancy b) synergy and antagonism c) cascade induction and amplification d) All of the above 3) Which of the following class of cytokine receptors utilize G-protein coupled receptors for its downstream function? a) Chemokines receptor b) Hematopoietic receptor c) Interferon receptor d) None of the above 4) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an endogenous pyrogen that induces fever.  Which of the following statement is true regarding TNF, Except? a) TNF induces IL-1 production for induction of fever b) TNF induces the synthesis of prostaglan...

Multiple Choice Question on Coronavirus 1) The first case of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS-CoV ) was first identified in Asia in 2003. Which of the following country has the highest number of confirmed death cases from the virus? a. China b. Brazil c. USA d. Italy 2) When was the first case of the COVID-19 ( coronavirus disease-19 ) infection reported in the USA? Select from the options below a. 2003 b. 2013 c. 2019 d. 2020 3) Which of the following virus may not show flu-like symptoms in humans? a. Coronavirus b. Rhinovirus c. Rotavirus d. Influenza virus 4) Which of the following statement is incorrect about the important characteristics/properties of Coronavirus? a. Non-Enveloped RNA virus b. Enveloped RNA virus c. Distributed around the world d. Transmitted from person to person 5) Coronavirus can cause gastroenteritis in animals. True or False? a. True b. False 6) Which of the following group of people have a high ...

                                  MCQ with answers on Vaccines, vaccination history  1) When was the smallpox virus first eradicated from the world? a) 1945 b) 1960 c) 1970 d) 1980  2) Antigens are vital components of vaccines, and to enhance immune response and prevent contamination, adjuvants or stabilizers are incorporated during the vaccine manufacturing process. Name the least commonly used adjuvant used in vaccine development. a) Formaldehyde  b) Aluminum sulfate c) Potassium aluminum sulfate d) Aluminum hydroxide 3) Immunization is a crucial and efficient method for safeguarding individuals against various infectious diseases. It encompasses two primary categories: active and passive immunization. All of the following statements are correct about the active and passive immunization process, Except ? a) Both can occur naturally as well as artificially b) Active immunizatio...