BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

Normal flora of the skin, gastrointestinal tract 1. Which of the following microorganism are the most commonly found normal flora in a healthy human body? a) Bacteria       b) Fungi c) Parasites d) Viruses   2. Which of the following microorganism is a part of the normal flora of the skin and is also a common pathogen isolated from skin infections? a) Bacillus anthracis b) E. coli c) Staphylococcus aureus         d) Candida albicans 3. Name a fungus that is a part of the normal flora present in the vagina and is also the common cause of vaginitis? a)  Candida albicans     b) Cryptococcus neoformans c)  Helicobacter pylori d) Plasmodium falciparum 4. Which of the following microorganism is a predominant flora of the skin? a) Bacillus anthracis b) Clostridium perfringens c) Leptospira interrogans d) Staphylococcus epidermidis 5. Name a fungus commonly found as a part of the normal flora in the nails  a)  ...

Multiple choice questions on Pentose phosphate pathway 1) Which of the following step is common in the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway? a) Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-P b) Conversion of glucose-6-P to ribose-5-P c) Conversion of glucose-6-P- to fructose-6-P d) Conversion of glucose to glucose-1-P 2) Pentose phosphate pathway is responsible for generating NADPH (reducing equivalents in the cell) in the cell.  Which of the following enzyme is involved in generating NADPH ? a) Glucose-6-P oxidase b) Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase c) Glucose-6-P reductase d) Glucose-6-P synthetase 3) Which of the following step is the rate-limiting step of the pentose phosphate pathway? a) Transketolase b) Transaldolase c) Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase d) Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 4) Insulin activates the pentose phosphate pathway.  Which of the following enzyme is activated by insulin action? a) Transketolase b) Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase c) Transaldolase d) P...

Protein synthesis is a fundamental cellular process that plays a critical role in the growth, development, and maintenance of all living organisms. Understanding the intricacies of protein synthesis is key to unraveling the mechanisms behind cellular functions and unlocking the secrets of life itself. The process of protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, the DNA sequence in a gene is transcribed into a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This mRNA molecule carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where translation takes place. In translation, the mRNA molecule serves as a template for the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are brought to the ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis, by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon that matches the codo...

Multiple Choice Questions on  Molecular Biology Techniques 1) DNA is the polydeoxynucleotides that contain mono-deoxynucleotides namely dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP.  Which one of the following is NOT true regarding DNA? a) DNA is double-stranded. b) The nucleotides are covalently linked by 3'-5' phosphodiester bond. c) Both strands of DNA are arranged parallel. d) DNA has a helical structure. 2) Phosphodiester bonds are cleaved by nucleases a group of enzymes present in the cells. Which of the following is FALSE about nucleases? a) Nucleases catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester linkages. b) Nucleases can be exonuclease and endonucleases. c) Exonucleases cleave the chain by removing individual nucleotides from the 3' or 5' end. d) Exonucleases cleave the chain randomly between any nucleotides. 3) Chromatin is a structural complex present in eukaryotes. The chromatin consists of the following components, EXCEPT: a) DNA b) RNA c) Histone pr...

                                   MCQs on bacterial and fungal culture media 1. Select all the important categories of media that can be used in the laboratory diagnosis of the bacteria? a) Enrichment media b) Selective media c) Differential media d) Otitis media     2. Which of the following media (agar or broth) is a commonly used general nutritive rich growth media for gram positive and gram negative bacteria, fungi and yeasts? a) Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) media       b) MacConkey agar  c) Columbia colistin nalidixic acid (CNA) agar d) Chocolate agar  3. All of the following are the important constituents of sheep blood agar (BA) medium used for the growth of numerous gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Except a) 5% sheep blood b) Sodium chloride (NaCl) c) Protein source (tryptones) d) Phenylethyl alcohol 4.  The standard and common...

Pathogenic Viruses, Structure, and pathogenesis  Multiple Choice Question 1) What are the different categories of the classification of viruses?  Select all the correct options below: a) Structure of the viruses b) Transmission of diseases by viruses c) Biochemical properties of the viruses d) Host range of the viruses 2) All of the following are the structural characteristics of the virus, EXCEPT ? a) Virus consists of either DNA or RNA genome b) The outer layer of all viruses consists of a lipid membrane c) The capsid of the viruses is made up of protein d) The size of viruses may range from 18 nm to 300 nm 3) All of the following viruses are resistant to drying and detergents, EXCEPT ? a) Reoviruses b) Adenoviruses c) Picornaviruses d) Togaviruses 4) Which of the following viruses have the genome replication in the nucleus? a) Papillomaviruses b) Picornaviruses c) Togaviruses d) Reoviruses 5) Which of the following virus can...

           MCQ on Laboratory diagnosis of the diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses 1) Select all the important procedures that are required when performing the routine collection method of microbial specimens a. A specimen should be collected in a sterile container b. A specimen should be properly labeled with the patient's name, date, and time of collection c. A specimen should be collected by using a sterile cotton swab or collection needles  d. A specimen should be collected only after the start of antibiotic therapy  2) Which of the following is the correct volume size of blood specimen taken from the adult patient for the routine laboratory diagnosis of the infection and the identification of the possible pathogen? a. 1 ml b. 10 ml      c. 20 ml d. 0.5 ml 3) Which of the following specimens are appropriate clinical specimens and are commonly used for the proper diagnosis of Salmonellosis?  Select all the correct...

Lymphoid neoplasms: Lymphoid neoplasms primarily involve the lymphatic system, which includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. It is the abnormal growth and proliferation of lymphocytes.  Lymphoid neoplasms can be broadly categorized into two main groups: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) : HL is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large, abnormal cells derived from B cells.  ( Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) : NHL encompasses a diverse group of lymphoid malignancies that can arise from B cells, T cells, or natural killer (NK) cells. Myeloid neoplasms   These are a group of disorders characterized by abnormal growth and development of cells in the myeloid lineage, which includes granulocytes, monocytes erythrocytes, platelets, etc.  Myeloid neoplasms can be broadly classified into two main categories: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) : MPNs are characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of multipotent myeloid stem cells in the bon...