BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

Key aspects of Bacterial pathogenesis/ General steps in bacterial pathogenesis Adherence and Colonization  Invasion Immune Evasion Toxin Production Nutrient Acquisition Host Cell Manipulation Inflammation and Tissue Damage                         Multiple Choice Questions on Bacterial Pathogenesis       Figure 1: Phagocyte activity and possible outcomes of phagocyte-bacterial interactions                                     (Source/Reference: Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic  Microbiology) 1) Which of the following microorganism is the major inhabitant of the human skin? a) Escherichia coli b) Staphylococcus epidermidis c) Staphylococcus aureus d) Streptococcus pyogenes 2) Select all the medically important bacteria which are frequently isolated pathogen  human infections? a) Enteric ba...

Multiple Choice Questions on Liver Function and Metabolism 1) Fatty liver is caused by the accumulation / deposition of fats in the liver.  Which of the following condition is not the likely cause of fatty liver? a) Obesity b) Starvation c) Pregnancy d) Diabetes mellitus 2) Which of the following are the nonfunctional plasma enzymes increased in alcoholic subjects? a) Alkaline phosphatase b) Acid Phosphatase c) Lactate dehydrogenase d) Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) 3) 'Crigler-Najjar syndrome' is a genetic disorder associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. What is the deficient enzyme responsible for the disease ? a) Bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT1A1) b) Biliverdin reductase c) Bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyl synthase (UGS1A1) d) Heme oxygenase 4) Which of the following statements about urobilinogen is true? a) It is normally excreted in high amounts in urine. b) It is produced in the liver. c) It is a waste product of heme metabolism. ...

Multiple Choice Question on Heme synthesis & Related Inherited Disease (Porphyria) In this page, we will review the multiple-choice practice questions on heme synthesis and related inherited disorders including hepatic and erythropoietic porphyria. The biological importance of heme, heme biosynthesis, regulation of heme synthesis, diagnosis, and treatment of porphyria are discussed elsewhere and a link for the page is provided below.   Heme is an essential molecule for various biological functions. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and the functioning of various enzymes. Heme synthesis is regulated to maintain the balance of heme levels in the body. The regulation is primarily achieved through feedback inhibition, where the final product, heme, inhibits the activity of the enzyme ALA synthase to prevent excess heme production. Please review the topics by clicking the link provided below: Page Links  Heme Biosynthesis and Regulation  Disor...

                                              MCQs on Infectious diseases Bacteria? Virus? Fungi? Parasites? 1. Which of the following infectious diseases are the leading cause of human deaths in developing countries? a)Diarrheal diseases b)HIV / AIDS c)Respiratory tract infections d)Tuberculosis e) Malaria 2. A 56 year old man from a rural part of the Philippines with COPD ( chronic inflammatory lung disease )  visited the clinic. Symptoms included shortness of breath, abdominal pain, and fever for the last 24 hours, his oxygen saturation level came around 87 which was below the normal range. Pneumonia was suspected, thus a sputum sample and blood sample were taken for the gram staining examination, the results were uncertain.  Further, a wet preparation procedure was done, and under the microscope, worms were detected. What is the possible diagnosis ? a) Infecti...

The renal system covers the  glomerular function ,  tubular function ,  acid-base homeostasis ,   biochemical assessment ,  and clinical correlations. The glomerulus is mainly involved in the filtration of the blood for the excretion of waste products while retaining most of the proteins.  The renal tubules function in secretion, reabsorption, and excretion of electrolytes, ions, organic acids, and urea. The renal tubules help regulate the osmolality, volume, and pH of the blood.  Tubular Function of Kidney and Electrolyte Balance Multiple Choice Questions 1) Urine is a fluid excreted by the kidney passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra.  Which of the following is not the characteristics of urine ? a) pH 5.0 to 6.0 b) Specific gravity- approximately 1.024 c) Amber color d) Turbid 2) Transport of sodium in the renal tubules involves : a) Na+/K+-ATPase located on the luminal me...

Multiple Choice Question on Endocrine Pancreas (Insulin and Glucagon) 1) 'Pancreatic islets' in the pancreas consist of specialized cells that produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin and regulate blood sugar levels in the body.  Which of the following cells produce insulin? a) Alpha cells b) Beta cells c) Gamma cells d) Delta cells 2) Pancreatic islets in the pancreas are made up of different types of cells.  Which of the following cells produce glucagon? a) Alpha cells b) Beta cells c) Gamma cells d) Delta cells 3) Insulin activates cells by binding to which of the following receptor? a) G protein Receptor b) Tyrosine kinase Receptor c) Nuclear receptor d) None of the above 4) Once insulin engages with its receptor, all the following activities occur downstream, Except a) Proteins with SH2 domains bind to the phosphotyrosine residue in the insulin receptor b) Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase  (PI3 kinase) c) Activation of p21ras enco...

                                                MCQs on Urinary Tract Infection, UTI 1) Which of the following is the least common microorganism isolated from urinary tract infections? a) Escherichia coli     b) Streptococcus pyogenes     c) Proteus vulgaris d) Enterococcus faecalis 2) A higher percentage of women get UTIs compared to men, what are the possible risk factors for developing the infection.  Select all the correct answers ? a) Poor hygiene practices during the periods            b) The anatomy of the urinary system of the women         c) Change in the size of a uterus in pregnancy       d) Hormonal changes during menopause         3) Which of the following is Not the most common infection term used for UTI? a) Endometriosi...

Gram-Positive Cocci ( Streptococcus spp , Staphylococcus spp ) - Multiple Choice Questions 1) A 2-day-old premature baby boy born to a 22-year-old woman developed pneumonia. The mother developed the symptoms of urinary tract infection after the delivery. A blood sample was collected from the newborn for laboratory testing, and within 24 hours, culture plates showed the growth of beta-hemolytic colonies. Which of the following group B streptococci could be the possible pathogen that can be easily spread from the mother to the baby and cause pneumonia? a) Streptococcus pyogenes  b) Streptococcus agalactiae  c) Enterococcus faecalis d) Streptococcus bovis  2) Which of the following bacteria is commonly isolated pathogen from infection pharyngitis? a) Streptococcus pneumoniae b) Staphylococcus aureus c) Streptococcus pyogenes d) Mycoplasma pneumoniae 3) A 4-year-old boy presented with an erythematous rash on his face and arms accompanied by redde...